Rahsia Pandai Bahasa Inggeris: 2016

Assalam semua.

Teknik Salin Karangan BerVISI Part 1 telah dibaca lebih 700 000 kali. Jika anda masih belum membacanya, anda boleh baca di link ini → http://rahsiapandaibi.blogspot.my/2015/05/boleh-pandai-penulisan-bi-dengan-hanya.html

Dalam posting tersebut saya berjanji untuk memberitahu secara lebih detail tentang Teknik tersebut. Maaf kerana agak sibuk dengan kerja hakiki saya sebagai Education Consultant yang menyebabkan saya tidak berkesempatan untuk menulis.

Saya juga dapati ramai ibu bapa yang GAGAL menggunakan teknik tersebut dengan berkesan kerana mereka sendiri TIDAK TAHU & TIDAK FAHAM apakah itu "verb". Maka, apabila anak mereka highlight verbs atau tersilap highlight non-verbs, mereka tidak dapat menyemak hasil kerja anak. Akibatnya anak mereka tidak mendapat faedah yang maksima daripada teknik tersebut.

Jadi, apakah itu VERBS sebenarnya? Jika kita rujuk buku paling asas, yang diajar pada pelajar BI tahap tadika, verb dinyatakan sebagai "an action word" seperti dalam gambar di atas.

Persoalannya, adakah itu definisi yang tepat untuk tahap sekolah rendah dan ke atas? Jawapannya TIDAK tepat. Ini kerana, jika kita mendefinisikan VERB hanya sebagai ACTION WORD, maka kita akan menghadapi masalah untuk menerangkan jenis-jenis verbs yang pelbagai.

Mari kita rujuk kamus favourite saya iaitu Cambridge Dictionaries Online (CDO).
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verbnoun [C]

UK /vɜːb/ US /vɝːb/

A2 a word or phrase that describes an action, condition, or experience:The words "run", "keep", and "feel" are all verbs.

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Hah! ACTION sahaja tidak memadai. Verb juga boleh bermaksud CONDITION atau EXPERIENCE. Maka kita perlu tahu apakah perkataan yang menyatakan condition (keadaan) dan experience (pengalaman).

Itu satu aspek. Satu aspek lagi, WORD sahaja tidak memadai. Verb juga boleh wujud dalam bentuk PHRASE iaitu FRASA. Maka kini definisi kita menjadi lebih luas. Contohnya kita perlu tahu tentang PHRASAL VERB iaitu salah satu bentuk MULTI-WORD VERBS.

Multi-word verbs are verbs which consist of a verb and one or two particles or prepositions (e.g. up, over, in, down). There are three types of multi-word verbs: phrasal verbs, prepositional verbs and phrasal-prepositional verbs. Sometimes, the name ‘phrasal verb’ is used to refer to all three types.

Phrasal verbs have two parts: a main verb and an adverb particle.

The most common adverb particles used to form phrasal verbs are around,at, away, down, in, off, on, out, over, round, up:

bring in go around look up put away take off

Phrasal verbs often have meanings which we cannot easily guess from their individual parts. (The meanings are in brackets.)

The book first came out in 1997.(was published)

The plane took off an hour late. (flew into the air)

The lecture went on till 6.30.(continued)

It’s difficult to make out what she’s saying. (hear/understand)

Saya amat gemar menggunakan CDO kerana ia bukan sahaja memberikan definisi tapi penerangan lanjut tentang sesuatu perkataan itu. Contohnya, jika kita scroll ke bawah lagi pada page hasil carian makna VERB tersebut, kita akan dapat lihat topik KEGUNAAN word tersebut dalam bidang-bidang spesifik. Dalam kes ini, word 'verb' dimasukkan dalam bidang Linguistics yang mana dirujuk kepada"Parts of Speech" (POS).

p/s: Ini Link hasil carian yang saya maksudkan di atas → http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/verb

POS ini bagi saya amat penting untuk difahami oleh sesiapa yang ingin memahami apakah itu VERBS. Mungkin ada boleh membuat research sendiri tentang tajuk POS jika anda benar-benar ingin memahami apakah itu VERBS. Untuk posting ini, saya hanya akan memfokuskan pada VERBS sahaja.

Seterusnya jika kita scroll ke bawah lagi pada page tersebut, ada perkataan GRAMMAR. Ini bermaksud kaitan perkataan "verb" dalam bidang Grammar. Dari situ, kita boleh lihat dengan jelas, editors di CDO mengklasifikasi tajuk VERBS kepada beberapa tajuk kecil iaitu:

1. Compound Verbs
2. Verbs: Types
(2.1) Main Verbs
(2.2) Linking Verbs
(2.3) Auxiliary Verbs
(2.3.1) Verb To BE
(2.3.2) Verb To DO
(2.3.3) Verb To HAVE
(2.4) Modal Verbs
3. Definisi Verbs
4. Verbs & Word Classes
5. Verbs Phrases
6. Verbs: Basic Forms
7. Regular Verbs
8. Irregular Verbs
9. Verbs Formation
10. Identifying Verbs

Di sebelah kanan webpage itu pula ada nota tentang [More meanings of “verb”] yang mana beberapa perkataan lain yang berkaitan dengan VERBS ada diberikan sekiranya kita memerlukan maklumat yang lebih lanjut.

Pendeknya, JAWAPAN kepada PERSOALAN yang saya tujukan dapat Part 1 boleh anda perolehi dari CDO sebenarnya. Anda hanya perlu baca dan fahamkan nota-nota tersebut. Sekiranya anda masih tidak faham, mungkin anda boleh mendapatkan bantuan sesiapa yang faham. Saya sendiri akan cuba menerangkannya dalam bahasa yang mudah, iaitu dalam BM. Saya amat percaya dengan Teknik Menggunakan L1 (bahasa ibunda) seseorang untuk belajar bahasa ke-2.

Jadi, untuk posting hari ini, yang penting untuk anda faham Tajuk Kecil No.4, No.2 dan No.10. Nombor-nombor lain pun penting tetapi 4, 2 & 10 lebih penting pada permulaan.

Kemudian, yang PALING PENTING ialah No.6

Jom kita lihat satu persatu:

(A) Tajuk Kecil No. 4 : Verbs are one of the four major word classes, along with nouns, adjectives and adverbs. A verb refers to an action, event or state.

These are verbs:

actions	events	states
go	die	be
sing	happen	have
take	rain	know

She always sings at parties.

It rained yesterday.

I only know his first name. I don’t know his surname.

Maka, cara terbaik untuk menguatkan ASAS anak kita untuk menguasai BI adalah dengan memastikan dia boleh mengenali dan membezakan 4 MAJOR WORD CLASS iaitu VERBS, NOUNS, ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS. Maksudnya, walaupun saya menyarankan agar anak anda highlight VERBS sahaja, tetapi pada masa yang saya dia mesti tahu & faham apakah itu NOUNS, VERBS & ADJECTIVES dan boleh membezakannya.

(B) Tajuk Kecil No.2: Main verbs have meanings related to actions, events and states. Most verbs in English are main verbs:

We went home straight after the show.

It snowed a lot that winter.

Several different types of volcano exist.

Anda keliru? Jangan keliru! Mudahnya, MAIN VERBS ni ADA BANYAK. Makna awal VERBS tadi pun sebenarnya merujuk kepada MAKNA MAIN VERBS!

Jom kita lihat salah satu bentuk MAIN VERBS iaitu LINKING VERBS.

Some main verbs are called linking verbs (or copular verbs). These verbs are not followed by objects. Instead, they are followed by phrases which give extra information about the subject (e.g. noun phrases, adjective phrases, adverb phrases or prepositional phrases). Linking verbs include:

appear	feel	look	seem	sound
be	get	remain	smell	taste
become

A face appeared at the window. It was Pauline. (prepositional phrase)

He’s a cousin of mine. (noun phrase)

This coat feels good. (adjective phrase)

She remained outside while her sister went into the hospital. (adverb phrase)

* Pada ketika ini suka saya nak tarik perhatian anda kepada Auxiliary Verbs "BE DO HAVE" atau lebih dikenali sebagai VERB TO BE (VTB), VERB TO DO (VTD) dan VERB TO HAVE (VTH). Anak-anak kita selalu gagal untuk highlight Auxiliary Verbs ini pada kali pertama kita menyuruhnya highlight verbs. Tetapi selepas diajar, mereka akan mula "tangkap" dan tidak salah lagi selepas itu.

There are three auxiliary verbs in English: be, do and have. Auxiliary verbs come before main verbs.

Auxiliary be is used to indicate the continuous and the passive voice:

I’m waiting for Sally to come home.(continuous)

Her car was stolen from outside her house. (passive)

See also:

Auxiliary do is used in interrogative, negative and emphatic structures:

Does she live locally? (interrogative)

They didn’t know which house it was. (negative)

I do like your new laptop! (emphatic, with spoken stress on do)

See also:

Auxiliary have is used to indicate the perfect:

I’ve lost my memory stick. Have youseen it anywhere? (present perfect)

She had seen my car outside the shop. (past perfect)

See also:

An auxiliary verb can only appear alone when a main verb (or a clause containing a main verb) is understood in the context:

A:

Does she play the clarinet?

B:

Yes, She does. (Yes, she plays the clarinet.)

A:

It hasn’t snowed at all this year, has it?

B:

No, it hasn’t. (No, it hasn’t snowed.)

Be, do and have can be used as auxiliary verbs or as main verbs.

Compare

as a main verb	as an auxiliary verb
be	She’s a professional photographer.	He’sthinkingof moving to New Zealand.
do	I need to dosome work this evening.	Do youlike Thai food, Jim?
have	The childrenhave lunch at twelve o’clock.	Wehaven’tbeen to the cinema for ages.

Warning:

Remember, when do and haveare main verbs, we must use auxiliary do to make questions and negatives:

A:

What does Janet do?

B:

She’s a teacher.

Not: ~~What does Janet?~~

I don’t have a car. I only have a bike.

See also:

Verbs: basic forms

The main modal verbs are:

can	may	must	should	would
could	might	shall	will

Modal verbs have meanings connected with degrees of certainty and necessity:

We’ll be there around 7.30. (speaker is quite certain)

A new window could cost around £500. (speaker is less certain)

I must ring the tax office. (speaker considers this very necessary)

Semi-modal verbs have some meanings related to the main modal verbs. The semi-modal verbs are dare, need, ought to, used to.

See also:

A verb refers to an action, event or state.

We can use the simple or continuous form of action verbs:

I cleaned the room as quickly as possible.

She’s watching television at the moment.

We can use the simple or continuous form of event verbs:

Four people died in the crash.

It’s raining again.

We usually use the simple form rather than the continuous form of state verbs:

I don’t know the name of the street.

Who owns this house?

Some verbs can be used to talk about both states and actions, but with different meanings:

state (usually simple form)	action (simple or continuous)
I come from France.(This is where my home is.)	She is coming from France on Wednesday. He camefrom Italy yesterday.(travel from)
She is very friendly.(permanent quality or state)	She is beingvery unfriendly.(temporary behaviour)
We havetwo dogs.(own)	We’rehaving a meeting to discuss it.(hold a meeting) We hadmussels for starter and prawns for main course.(eat)
Do you seewhat I mean?(understand)	Jane isseeing her boss today and she’s going to tell him she’s leaving. I don’t seeRebecca at work any more since I moved office. (meet)
Your dresslooks nice.(appear)	What areyou lookingat? I never lookat the price on the menu.(see with your eyes)

(C) Tajuk Kecil No.10: Identifying verbs

It is not always possible to identify a verb by its form.

Maksudnya BUKAN MUDAH untuk pastikan sama ada sesuatu perkataan itu VERB, dengan hanya melihat bentuknya. Kadang-kadang ada bentuk yang serupa dengan Word Class yang lain seperti Nouns.

Tetapi ada PANDUAN yang boleh diikuti untuk kita mengatakan sesuatu perkataan itu adalah VERB.

10.1. Some word-endings (suffixes) can show that the word is probably a verb.

suffix	examples
-ate	appreciate, celebrate, congratulate
-en	frighten, soften, widen
-ify	identify, specify, qualify
-ise/-ize*	realise, recognise, modernize

*Both forms are used, but the -ise form is more common in British English and the -ize form is more common in American English

11.2 Typical verb prefixes
Verbs often also have these typical prefixes.

prefix	examples
ad-	adapt, admit, advance
de-	deceive, deform, describe
im-/in-	impose, increase, inform
per-	perform, persuade, perceive
re-	recall, receive, reproduce

However, some words beginning with these prefixes may belong to other word classes (e.g. increase [noun], reception[noun]). A good learner’s dictionary will tell you whether a word is a verb. (saya paling SETUJU dengan saranan ini kerana inilah TEKNIK yang saya gunakan selama ini iaitu RUJUK KAMUS BI-BI. Pasti ada Word Class untuk perkataan tersebut).

Verbs sometimes have the same form as nouns or adjectives.

Could you hand me the dictionary?

We should position the noticeboard where everyone can see it.

I’ll email Sally to see if she is free on Thursday.

I needed to calm my nerves before the interview.

The government hopes to slow the growth in road traffic over the next five years.

As they get older, most people’s hair starts to thin.

*Maksudnya kita perlu TAHU WORD CLASS sesuatu perkataan. Isu ini dalam BM disebut KATA BANYAK MAKNA. Hanya dengan mengetahui WORD CLASS dan MAKNA sesuatu perkataan itu dengan JELAS barulah anak kita boleh MENGUASAI BI.

(D) Tajuk Kecil No.6: Main verbs have three basic forms: the base form, the past form and the -ed form (sometimes called the ‘-ed participle’):

6.1 Base form: used as the infinitive form, with to or without to (Do you want to come with us? I can’t leave now.) and for the present simple (I always read before I go to sleep every night.) except third person singular, which uses the -sform (She works at the university.)

6.2 Past form: used for the past simple (He opened the door and went out.)

6.3 -ed form: used after auxiliary have and be (I’ve always wanted a piano and I was given one last week.).

*Saya selalu meminta students saya mengHAFAL 3 BASIC FORMS of verbs ini terutamanya IRREGULAR VERBS. Setelah dihafal, dengan menggunakan Sistem Hafal yang bersistematik, maka kebolehan untuk menggunakan mana-mana FORM atau BENTUK verb tersebut akan menjadi lebih mudah selepas itu.

The base form is normally the form used as a heading in a dictionary. Here is a typical dictionary entry for a verb. The base form is sing, the past form is sang and the -ed form is sung:

sing /sɪŋ/

verb (sang, sung) MAKE MUSIC 1. [I or T] to make musical sounds with the voice, usually a tune with words:

The children sang two songs by Schubert at the school concert.

[source: Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary]

When you look up a verb in the dictionary, you will often find the three forms listed together, especially for irregular verbs. Here are some examples (regular verbs are printed in blue; irregular verbs are printed in black).

base form	past simple	-ed form
open	opened	opened
love	loved	loved
watch	watched	watched
swim	swam	swum
go	went	gone
make	made	made
put	put	put

Itu sahaja yang saya ingin kongsikan pada hari ini.

Sebenarnya masih ada lagi topik tentang VERBS yang perlu anda baca dan fahami tetapi saya tak sempat nak ulas di sini. Saya harap anda dapat mulakan dengan membaca CDO dan kemudiannya membuat bacaan lanjutan di websites berwibawa seperti website British Council serta merujuk buku-buku grammar yang berkualiti seperti buku Times Publications.

Untuk rujukan tambahan, saya cadangkan anda membaca websites yang berikut:
1) https://webapps.towson.edu/ows/verbs.htm
2) to be added later
3) to be added later

Akhir kata, terima kasih kerana membaca penerangan yang agak panjang lebar ini. Saya harap ini dapat membantu anak anda untuk menguasai Penulisan BI. Saya akan cuba untuk menyambung penerangan saya sekiranya berkelapangan nanti.
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Sebagai penutup, suka saya nak bertanya......agak-agaknya KENAPA saya tekankan sangat tentang kebolehan mengenali VERBS ni? Sila berikan jawapan anda di ruang KOMEN. Tq.

Rahsia Pandai Bahasa Inggeris

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Monday, 22 August 2016

Anak anda LEMAH dalam BAHASA INGGERIS?

Wednesday, 6 July 2016

Nak Pandai Tulis Esei BI, gunalah Teknik Salin Karangan BerVISI - Part 2

verbnoun [C]

Phrasal verbs

Meaning

Linking verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Auxiliary be

Auxiliary do

Auxiliary have

Auxiliary verb with no main verb

Be, do and have as main verbs

Modal verbs

State and action verbs

Action

Event

State

Verbs related to nouns

Verbs related to adjectives

How dictionaries show the forms

Examples of the three basic forms